I'm trying to create a collection that will find any modified file within a week, however, I am lost.
I click CTRL+F and select the folder and store it in "New Stored Query" and click find.
It works the first time, but when I go back to that collection in the future, it still shows old results and wont let me refresh it, unless I continue to re-do the steps above. I believe it is because it is not storing my parameters that I'm searching for within the collection.
Stored Queries are for Windows Search queries, which the search field (top-right of the default toolbars) performs, like in Windows Explorer.
The Tools > Find Files > Advanced panel shown in your second screenshot is a separate system, and can't be saved as a query. But you can click the Save button there to save the filter, and then create a button which runs a command such as:
Find FILTER NAME="My Filter Name" IN "E:\Cloud\Google Drive"