It should work with ' in front of the characters which are wildcard characters. Note that * is not a valid filename character so you can leave this out entirely.
Set QUICKFILTER ('~|`|!|@|'#|$|'(|{)
Note that this (and your example with the numbers) will only work properly if Preferences / File Displays / FAYT and Filter Bar Options / Partial matching is turned on. If not, you'd need to add a * character at the end, e.g.: