There are some add-ins which let you split parts of the filename into separate columns using regular expressions:
- Column - Custom Text and Regexp
- RegexColumnsReloaded (easily add regex columns or any kind of column)
- RegExColumns V2
The first one has a nice UI to help set up the columns. I think the other two are configured by editing a config text file. The second of the three links to a detailed tutorial on how to set it up, which may also explain general concepts that apply to all three.