Go into Customize mode (Settings > Customize Toolbars) then drag Photoshop.exe to a toolbar. A button will be created for it automatically, and it will send selected files to the program (or just launch the program if nothing is selected). You can edit the button to see the command that is generated, and change if it desired.
To make a button which sends the current folder to Bridge, the command would be something like this:
"C:\Program Files\Adobe\Adobe Bridge CC 2017\Bridge.exe" {sourcepath}
I created the Bridge button the same quick and easy way you described for Photoshop and then simply replaced in advanced settings "filepath" with "sourcepath".